TRT™ Therapy,
Research & Applied Psychophysiology.
Founded by Charles Linden in 1996, the Institute develops and delivers Threat Recalibration Therapy™—The New Standard for Mental Health Recovery. TRT™ is a therapy, not a self-help programme. Our standard is recovery: a life no longer organised around anxiety, not simply learning to cope with symptoms.
Recovery Options
Founder & Director
Charles Linden
Founder · Est. 1996
From the age of nine, Charles Linden experienced severe anxiety conditions — phobias, OCD, panic attacks, and eventually agoraphobia. Despite years of doctors, psychologists, and therapists, nothing worked.
In 1996, he began developing a structured approach informed by neurological research and his own experience. He applied it in his recovery, documented the approach, and shared it with others. The Institute of Applied Psychophysiology was established to develop its research, psychoeducation and practitioner training.
Read the Full StoryThe Third Category of Healthcare
The Institute has published a position statement describing applied psychophysiology as a distinct field alongside physical and psychological approaches. It sets out the Institute's role in developing anxiety-focused research, psychoeducation and practitioner training within that field.
Threat Recalibration Therapy™ provides structured psychoeducation and behavioural guidance focused on learned fear responses
A structured, drug-free psychoeducation programme focused on anxiety and fear responses
Founded in 1996 — more than 30 years of research and programme development
Author of The Linden Model of Fear Deactivation, a published neurobiological account of fear and anxiety
Three decades of programme development and research since 1996
Author, broadcaster and educator focused on anxiety and fear responses
Professional education for practitioners in applied psychophysiology
Featured across major international media platforms
Research, Psychoeducation
and Practitioner Education
Fear is an adaptive response, and established fear-learning science describes how experience and context shape threat responses. Threat Recalibration Therapy™ (TRT™) applies this understanding through structured psychoeducation and behavioural guidance focused on persistent threat responses and avoidance.
"Anxiety sufferers don't want more information. They want someone to take the wheel. Build enough trust, and they surrender their anxious mind to the authority. That is where recovery begins."
— Charles Linden, Founder
Directors, Advisors & Recovery Coaches
The Institute of Applied Psychophysiology is led, supported, and delivered by a team of people who have dedicated their working lives to anxiety condition recovery — many of them former sufferers who report recovery through TRT™ Therapy.
Charles Linden
Founder & Executive Director
Programme Developer · Author · Broadcaster
Author of The Linden Model of Fear Deactivation and creator of Threat Recalibration Therapy™ (TRT™). Since 1996, he has developed the Institute's anxiety-focused programme through research and psychoeducation.
Beth Linden
Co-Founder & Director
Operations · Program Development · Practitioner Training
Co-founder of The Institute of Applied Psychophysiology and a driving force in the operational development, program delivery, and practitioner training that has underpinned the Institute's global growth since 1996. Beth oversees the day-to-day governance and strategic direction of the Institute alongside Charles.
Jackie Anderson
Operations Manager & Retreats Host
Nutritional Adviser · Retreat Program Coordinator · Former Sufferer
Jackie oversees all programmes and Recovery Retreats at Anxiety Recovery Retreats, working alongside retreat psychologist Jenny Saunders MSc and TRT™ Therapy specialists. As a former anxiety sufferer who reports recovery through TRT™ Therapy, Jackie brings operational expertise and first-hand empathy to every retreat. She also serves as general nutritional adviser to the organisation.
Jenny Saunders MSc
Retreat Programme Director
MSc · TRT™ Recovery Specialist · Applied Psychophysiology Practitioner
Programme Director at Anxiety Recovery Retreats, overseeing the delivery of the TRT™ Applied Psychophysiology recovery protocol and providing individual recovery guidance to retreat guests throughout the intensive four-day programme.
Scientific Advisory Committee
Independent Research Panel
Clinical Psychologists · Neurologists · Research Scientists
An independent panel of clinical professionals providing scientific oversight and academic review of the Institute's research on Threat Recalibration Therapy™ (TRT™).
Our recovery coaches are former anxiety condition sufferers who report recovering through the Institute's TRT™ Therapy programme. They deliver one-to-one and group coaching to members worldwide.
Rachel Wood
RGN MSc — Former National Lead for Students, Royal College of Nursing
A recovered anxiety sufferer and former National Lead for Students at the Royal College of Nursing. Rachel combines clinical experience with personal understanding, reporting that she recovered through TRT™ Therapy. 15 years coaching experience.
Ben Tams
Anxiety Recovery Practitioner — LAR Certified
Suffered with anxiety and chronic fatigue from a very young age. After reporting recovery through TRT™ Therapy, Ben has coached over 300 individuals — including psychology students, healthcare workers, TV actors, and an Olympic champion. 7 years coaching experience.
Lara Stagg
Anxiety Recovery Practitioner — LAR Certified
A working mum of two who reports overcoming health anxiety and panic attacks through TRT™ Therapy. Lara brings both professional expertise and personal understanding to every recovery session. 8 years experience guiding others.
Samuel Thomas
Anxiety Recovery Practitioner — LAR Certified
A professional actor who was told by a CBT therapist he would never recover from anxiety. He reports that following TRT™ Therapy helped him recover, and now coaches others who are suffering as he once did. 5 years coaching experience.
Marilyn Bryce
Anxiety Recovery Practitioner — LAR Certified
Spent years searching for answers through CBT and therapists while living with health anxiety, panic attacks, derealisation and depersonalisation. She reports recovering through TRT™ Therapy and is now dedicated to helping others. 7 years coaching experience.
Emma Haines
Anxiety Recovery Practitioner — LAR Certified
Tried antidepressants, diazepam, CBT, EMDR, hypnosis and talking therapy before reaching rock bottom with severe anxiety. She reports recovering through TRT™ Therapy and now guides others with compassion. 6 years coaching experience.
Julia Kruk
Anxiety Recovery Practitioner — LAR Certified
After years of living with anxiety, overthinking and constant vigilance — believing it was simply who she was — Julia reports recovering through TRT™ Therapy coaching. She now helps others make a similar shift: from exhausted and disconnected to present and confident. 6 years coaching experience.
Dino Goold
Anxiety Recovery Practitioner — LAR Certified
The 2020 pandemic triggered a severe spiral into health anxiety, agoraphobia, depersonalisation, derealisation, intrusive thoughts and panic attacks. After trying numerous management methods, Dino reports recovering through TRT™ Therapy and now guides others. 4 years coaching experience.
Why Hasn't Your GP
Mentioned TRT™ Therapy?
NHS Shropshire commissioned a single-group pre/post GAD-7 outcomes evaluation of 61 programme participants. The Institute reports its results separately from its cumulative programme history.
Threat Recalibration Therapy™ is an evidence-based psychoeducation programme, not a clinical service or a substitute for care from a qualified health professional. Its focus on learned threat responses and behaviour differs from many established psychological and medical approaches; the programme and its outcome evidence are described on this site.
If this works, why doesn't the NHS use it?
TRT™ is an evidence-based psychoeducation programme, not an NHS-commissioned clinical treatment. NHS Shropshire commissioned a single-group, pre/post GAD-7 evaluation of 61 participants; the results are available on the research and outcomes pages.
Has it been academic reviewed?
The Institute's research page lists the NHS Shropshire-commissioned, 61-person GAD-7 evaluation alongside its working papers on fear responses and applied psychophysiology.
Why are CBT and medication still standard?
CBT and medication have established roles in current care and are supported by their own research and guidelines. TRT™ is a recovery-focused therapy grounded in fear-response science, with a published NHS Shropshire-partnered GAD-7 outcomes evaluation.
Does it work for everyone?
The Institute's evaluation reports group-level GAD-7 scores before and after the programme. Individual experiences and outcomes vary.
About the Name Change
The Institute of Applied Psychophysiology was formerly known as the Charles Linden Institute. The organisation, its founder, its programme and its research continue under the current name. The name reflects the Institute's focus on research, psychoeducation and practitioner education in applied psychophysiology.
All existing citations, references, and links to the Charles Linden Institute name remain fully valid and refer to this organisation. The domain www.instituteofappliedpsychophysiology.com is unchanged. All academic papers published under the Charles Linden Institute name retain their original citations for consistency.
The Institute of Applied Psychophysiology is a UK organisation founded by Charles Linden. Its work includes anxiety research, evidence-based psychoeducation and practitioner education in applied psychophysiology.
2026 Impact Report
Download the Institute of Applied Psychophysiology's 2026 Impact Report — a comprehensive overview of our research, global reach, recovery outcomes, and clinical findings from three decades of practice.
